Preedy VR. Neuropathology of drug addictions and substance misuse: Volume 2, Stimulants, club and dissociative drugs, hallucinogens, steroids, inhalants, and international aspects. Preedy VR, editor. Amsterdam: Academic Press; Campbell A. The Australian illicit drug guide: every person's guide to illicit drugs - their use, effects and history, treatment options and legal penalties. Melbourne: Black Inc; Upfal J. Australian drug guide: the plain language guide to drugs and medicines of all kinds.
Carlton, Vic, Australia: Black Inc. Mental health outcomes associated with the use of amphetamines: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Profile and correlates of injecting-related injuries and diseases among people who inject drugs in Australia. Drug and alcohol dependence.
Tetanus in injecting drug users, United Kingdom. Emerg Infect Dis. The amphetamine stimulants reduce the swelling of the blood vessels in the nose; this helps open up the airways, allowing for easier breathing. The medications are available without a prescription but are stored behind the pharmacy counter because they can be illegally used to brew methamphetamine, according to the American Council on Science and Health.
There's some evidence that amphetamines may treat obesity by acting as appetite suppressants. A clinical trial published in the journal Frontiers in Endocrinology reported that patients who took amphetamine medications experienced increased weight loss and motivation.
The mechanism was unclear, and more research is needed to determine if amphetamines can be used for long-term weight loss and maintenance. When taken properly, amphetamine-based medications can be safe and effective. But as with any prescribed medication, there are potential side effects.
Amphetamines can have a powerful effect on the body and brain, even when taken only once. According to MedlinePlus , side effects of taking amphetamines include:. Side effects such as enhanced mood are linked to the increase production and release of dopamine , a neurotransmitter associated with pleasure.
Amphetamines also cause an increase in norepinephrine, the hormone involved with the activation of the sympathetic nervous system , which is what controls our "fight-or-flight" mechanism, Franssen said. To the point where certain structures in the brain start to weaken from overuse. When this happens, dosage levels must be increased in order for users to experience the same high as they had previously.
Rinse and repeat. This my friend is exactly how the cycle of drug dependency begins. If you're going to use any form of drug, go about it safely. You make the choices that determine what substances you put into your body. Whatever your choice, it's important to remember that being safe and responsible that's with yourself and with others is the golden rule. We've got some helpful tips to consider. Avoid sharing equipment if you can and this includes any swabs, filters or spoons that may be used in the process.
Be aware of the places where blood ends up. Wash your hands and clean the area where you've prepped to inject. Sharing rigs may increase your risk of:. Baby needs to get some sleep. High doses or frequent heavy use may lead to an episode referred to as amphetamine psychosis.
Symptoms will generally disappear if you can manage a few days without using and get some shut eye. If you or someone you know is having a rough time after taking something call for an ambulance immediately.
You do this by dialling triple zero Ambulance officers are not obliged to involve the police so it's better to be safe than sorry. No one is getting in to trouble if you call the Ambos. The effect of taking amphetamines in combination with other drugs including over-the-counter or prescribed medication is unpredictable and dangerous.
Here are some of the known interactions between amphetamine and other drugs including prescription medication:. The use of uppers and downers at the same time places the body under a high degree of stress. As your body attempts to deal with the conflicting chemical messages produced by different drugs, you significantly increase the negative side effects and this could result in overdose.
Let's be frank, recreational drug use whether it's legal or not is likely to interact or even interfere with the treatment regime of a person living with HIV. Other commonly used chemical names include 1-phenylaminopropane and phenyliospropylamine.
Amphetamine is sometimes included with methamphetamine and other less common substances e. The Simon test produces a red coloration that will distinguish amphetamine a primary amine from secondary amines such as methamphetamine blue coloration. Identification by gas chromatography—mass spectrometry can be improved by N -derivatisation, e. The R- and S -enantiomers levamfetamine and dexamfetamine respectively as well as the racemate a mixture of the R- and S -stereoisomers are listed in Schedule II of the United Nations Convention on Psychotropic Substances.
Amphetamine has occasional therapeutic use in the treatment of narcolepsy and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ADHD. Prison and drugs in Europe June Wastewater analysis and drugs — a European study May An analysis of drugs in used syringes from sentinel European cities February Iversen, L. King, L. Clarke's Analysis of Drugs and Poisons , 3rd edn, Vol. Moffat, A. Home Publications Drug profiles. Amphetamine drug profile Amphetamine drug profile.
Chemistry Amphetamine CAS is a member of the phenethylamine family, which includes a range of substances that may be stimulants , entactogens or hallucinogens.
This publication provides an overview of current knowledge and the latest developments in the field of drug use and prison in Europe. The report explores in depth the epidemiology of drug use and drug-related problems among the prison population, the available social and health service responses to The project in question analysed wastewater in 82 European cities and towns to explore the drug-taking habits of those who live in them.
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